Oleocanthal Benefits: 9 Effects and the Evidence Behind Them
If you have heard of oleocanthal, you have probably heard that it is one of the healthy polyphenols in olive oil. You may also have read that it works like ibuprofen, that it kills cancer cells, or that it clears plaque from the brain. All three of those claims come from real studies. Most of that research was done in lab dishes and in mice. The human trials are new and small, and they have mostly measured blood sugar, platelets and inflammation markers.
What Is Oleocanthal?
Oleocanthal is one of the polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil, and it is found nowhere else in the diet. The name is built from three roots: oleo for oil, canth for sting, and al for aldehyde. It describes exactly what the compound does at the back of your throat. Our guide to why good olive oil stings covers that sensation and the receptor behind it.
The compound forms while the olives are being crushed. An enzyme in the fruit breaks a larger molecule apart, and oleocanthal is one of the pieces. Green fruit carries far more of that starting material than ripe fruit, which is why early-harvest oils run highest. The University of Athens measured 175 single-variety commercial oils and found oleocanthal anywhere from undetectable to 355 mg/kg. The highest readings came from early picks, and a few varieties stayed low wherever they were grown (Karkoula 2012). Refined olive oil contains essentially none.
That spread matters more than any single finding below. The studies used concentrated oleocanthal, or oils far richer in it than a typical supermarket bottle. The oil in your cupboard may hold very little of what was tested. Our high phenolic olive oil guide explains how to read the polyphenol figures on a label and a certificate.
The Ibuprofen Connection That Started It
The discovery happened by chance. In 2005, a sensory scientist named Gary Beauchamp tasted a fresh Sicilian olive oil. It stung his throat the same way liquid ibuprofen did. His team at the Monell Chemical Senses Center published the explanation in Nature later that year. Both compounds block the same two enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, which the body uses to make inflammation and pain signals. The two molecules are unrelated chemically, so a shared target was a genuine surprise.
The paper also estimated a dietary dose, and that estimate is the useful part. Take an oil holding up to 200 micrograms of oleocanthal per milliliter. Fifty grams of it a day works out to about 9 mg of ibuprofen equivalent, roughly a tenth of a standard adult dose for pain. The authors offered this as a hypothesis about long-term, low-level exposure, and it remains a hypothesis. Our breakdown of the 2005 Nature paper covers what the study did and did not show.
None of that means swapping medicine for olive oil. The amounts sit far below drug doses, and no trial has tested oleocanthal as a treatment for pain. That decision belongs to your doctor.
The Nine Benefits at a Glance
The table shows where each finding comes from and how far it has been tested.
| Benefit | What was tested | Where it was tested | How far the evidence goes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Inflammation | Enzymes, immune cells, blood markers | Dishes, mice, two small human trials | Mechanism is solid, human data early |
| 2. Brain | Plaque in mice, cognition in people | Mice for oleocanthal, people for high-phenolic oil | Human trials tested oil, not the compound |
| 3. Cancer cells | Cancer cell lines, one pilot in patients | Dishes, one mouse study, one 20-person pilot | Marker changes only, no outcomes |
| 4. Heart | Platelets, blood lipids, blood pressure | People, in trials | The strongest human evidence here |
| 5. Joints | Cartilage cells | Dishes | No published human trial |
| 6. Bacteria | Bacterial strains | Dishes | Thinnest of the nine |
| 7. Aging | Antioxidant switches, blood markers | Cells, plus people for polyphenols | Markers only, never lifespan |
| 8. Blood sugar | Fasting glucose and HbA1c | People, one 12-week placebo trial | Real, recent, needs repeating |
| 9. Stroke | Olive oil use over five years | People, observed rather than tested | A link, and links can mislead |
Benefit 1: Calming Inflammation
Tested in: lab dishes and mice, plus two small human trials of oleocanthal-rich oil.
Low-level inflammation that never switches off sits underneath a good deal of age-related illness. Oleocanthal acts on that system in a way that can be measured. In the 2005 Nature work, it blocked COX-1 and COX-2 in test tubes, dose by dose. The authors called the pattern strikingly similar to ibuprofen. A 2019 study treated mouse immune cells with oleocanthal and then provoked them with a bacterial toxin. The treated cells made less COX-2 and fewer inflammatory signals. They also switched on Nrf2 and HO-1, two of the body's own antioxidant defenses (Montoya 2019).
Two human studies have looked at inflammation markers directly. The APRIL trial in Spain enrolled 91 adults with obesity and prediabetes. Each spent a month on an oleocanthal-and-oleacein-rich extra virgin oil and a month on a common olive oil. The order was random and double-blind, and the oil replaced whatever they normally cooked and dressed with. Interferon-gamma, an inflammatory signal, fell on the rich oil and not on the common one. Total antioxidant capacity rose and lipid peroxides fell (Ruiz-Garcia 2023). An Italian study gave 23 adults with metabolic syndrome a high-oleocanthal oil for two months. Afterward, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-1B were all lower. It had no control group, so some of that change may be the season or the attention rather than the oil (Patti 2020).
Those are blood markers in people with metabolic conditions, measured over one to two months. No trial has tested oleocanthal in an inflammatory disease such as arthritis. The broader human picture still comes from olive polyphenols as a group. In a study of 315 adults, higher total blood polyphenols went with 29 percent lower odds of raised hsCRP. The link covered all polyphenols rather than olive ones, and our breakdown explains what it does and does not show. If inflammation is why you are shopping, our guide to the best olive oil for inflammation sets a label checklist against these trials.
Benefit 2: Amyloid Plaque and the Aging Brain
Tested in: mice, for oleocanthal itself. People, for high-phenolic olive oil.
Brain work is the busiest corner of oleocanthal research, and the oleocanthal-specific part of it is all in animals. In a 2023 study, mice bred to develop Alzheimer's-type damage were fed oleocanthal for three months. They finished with less amyloid plaque and less brain inflammation, through two named signaling pathways (Abdallah 2023). A 2025 review gathered every study of that kind and found seven, all in mice. Across them, oleocanthal lowered plaque in the hippocampus and helped clear the protein out through the blood-brain barrier. The reviewers called the picture promising and asked for more evidence (Zupo 2025). Mice bred to grow plaque are not people. A long list of compounds that cleared plaque in mice went on to fail in human trials.
Two human trials have tested high-phenolic olive oil in people with mild cognitive impairment. Both tested the whole oil rather than the compound. The MICOIL study in Greece randomized patients to one of three arms for twelve months. They got a high-phenolic early-harvest oil, a moderate-phenolic oil, or Mediterranean diet advice alone. The oils were given at 50 mL a day. The high-phenolic group scored better at follow-up on almost every cognitive measure. The moderate-phenolic group also finished ahead of diet advice (Tsolaki 2020). An Auburn University trial gave 25 patients either extra virgin or refined olive oil for six months and measured the blood-brain barrier by MRI. Only the extra virgin oil reduced barrier leakiness and improved connectivity, which points at the phenolics. Both oils improved the clinical dementia rating, though, and both shifted the amyloid and tau ratios in blood. Those two results cannot be credited to polyphenols (Kaddoumi 2022).
Population studies on olive oil and the brain are a separate line again. A large US cohort linked higher olive oil intake to 28 percent lower dementia-related mortality. A PREDIMED substudy found better cognitive scores on a Mediterranean diet with added olive oil. None of these studies isolated oleocanthal.
Benefit 3: What Oleocanthal Does to Cancer Cells
Tested in: cancer cells in a lab dish, one study in mice, and one 20-person pilot in leukemia patients.
The most quoted oleocanthal result is a 2015 cell study from Hunter College. Cancer cells carry unusually large and fragile lysosomes, the compartments a cell uses to break down waste. When the researchers added oleocanthal to human cancer cell lines, those compartments ruptured and the cells died, in some cases within 30 minutes. Non-cancerous cells slowed their growth and survived. The team traced the effect to an enzyme called acid sphingomyelinase, which oleocanthal blocks and which normally keeps the lysosome membrane stable (LeGendre 2015). The fastest cell deaths were recorded in serum-free conditions, a lab setup that does not resemble the inside of a body.
A 2025 study from the University of Louisiana took the idea into animals. Oleocanthal was the most active olive phenolic against four colorectal cancer cell lines. In mice carrying human colorectal tumors, a daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg for 15 days reduced tumor weight by about 72 percent. The effect ran through the SMYD2 and c-MET signaling proteins (Tarun 2025).
One human study exists, and it is a pilot. Researchers in Greece enrolled 20 patients with early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia, none of them on treatment. Half drank 40 mL a day of a high-oleocanthal-and-oleacein oil for three months and half drank a low one. A second six-month phase then put 22 patients on the high oil. On the high oil, white blood cell and lymphocyte counts came down and markers of cancer-cell apoptosis went up (Rojas Gil 2022). Those are blood markers in a small group over months, with no data on how the disease progressed. The authors present it as a reason to run a larger trial rather than as a result. No study has shown that olive oil treats, prevents or slows cancer in people, and no one should change a treatment plan on the strength of a pilot.
The population research on olive oil and cancer is a larger and separate body of work, all of it observational. A 2022 meta-analysis pooled 45 studies, including eight cohorts covering about 930,000 people. The highest olive oil consumers had a 31 percent lower likelihood of any cancer than the lowest. The strongest links were for breast and urinary tract cancers (Markellos 2022). Inside PREDIMED, the arm eating a Mediterranean diet with added olive oil recorded fewer breast cancer cases than the control diet. That came as a secondary finding of a heart trial. Those studies recorded what people ate rather than testing any compound.
Benefit 4: Heart, Blood and Arteries
Tested in: people, in trials of olive oil, of olive polyphenols, and of oleocanthal-rich oil specifically.
The human evidence is strongest here, and it comes in three layers. The first is the regulatory one. In 2011, European regulators authorized a health claim for olive polyphenols, and the wording is narrow. Hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives help protect blood lipids from oxidative damage. An oil qualifies at 5 mg per 20 g, about a tablespoon and a half. Our breakdown of that ruling walks through the threshold. The claim is written on hydroxytyrosol, and there is no authorized claim for oleocanthal.
The second layer is the trial work behind that claim. EUROLIVE gave 200 men three olive oils of different phenolic strength, 25 mL a day in three-week blocks. Oxidized LDL fell as the phenol content rose. A meta-analysis of 26 randomized trials found the same direction across studies. Those trials measured total phenolics rather than oleocanthal. The famous PREDIMED figure needs the same care. PREDIMED reported about 30 percent fewer major cardiovascular events on a Mediterranean diet with added extra virgin olive oil. The result belongs to that whole dietary pattern.
The third layer is the oleocanthal-specific work, and it is mostly about platelets. In a UC Davis crossover study, nine healthy men drank 40 mL of olive oils matched for total phenols but differing in oleocanthal. Two hours later, the oleocanthal-rich oils had reduced platelet clumping, and the effect tracked oleocanthal intake more closely than any other compound (Agrawal 2017). A Greek crossover study fed ten adults with type 2 diabetes five versions of the same bread-and-fat meal. One version carried 400 mg of ibuprofen, and two carried olive oil at 250 and 500 mg/kg oleocanthal. Over the four hours after eating, platelet reactivity fell in step with the oleocanthal dose. The 500 mg/kg oil matched the ibuprofen meal (Katsa 2024). The OleoMetS trial, described under blood sugar below, adds a longer window. Twelve weeks of a concentrated oleocanthal-and-oleacein extract lowered oxidized LDL, triglycerides and systolic blood pressure against placebo (Samoutis 2026).
Those platelet results are single meals in nine and ten people. The OleoMetS lipid results are one trial that has not yet been repeated. They point in a consistent direction. They are also the reason oleocanthal is now studied for the heart on its own rather than as a passenger in olive oil.
Benefit 5: Cartilage and Joint Cells
Tested in: lab dishes. No published human trial.
Because oleocanthal acts on COX enzymes, researchers looked at joints early. A 2010 study provoked cultured cartilage cells with a bacterial toxin and then treated them with oleocanthal. The treated cells made less of an enzyme called NOS2, which helps drive cartilage breakdown. They stayed healthy at the lower doses tested (Iacono 2010). Later cell work on human osteoarthritis cartilage found the same direction.
Cartilage cells in a dish are a long way from a knee. No published trial has tested oleocanthal for joint pain, stiffness or arthritis in people. This page does not offer it as a treatment for any of them. Food-level amounts sit far below the dose of any anti-inflammatory a doctor would prescribe. If a joint condition is the reason you are reading, the decision about what to take belongs in that conversation.
Benefit 6: Activity Against Bacteria
Tested in: lab dishes, with the least research of the nine.
Lab work has shown oleocanthal and its twin oleacein slowing the growth of several bacteria in culture, including biofilm-forming strains. The property fits olive oil's long history as a preservative. No human research exists on any of it: nothing on infections, nothing on the gut, and nothing on immunity. The finding appears in the literature, and it is the thinnest of the nine.
Benefit 7: Antioxidant Defenses and Aging Markers
Tested in: cells, for oleocanthal. People, for olive polyphenols as a group.
Oxidative stress is one of the processes that wears cells down over time. In the 2019 cell study above, oleocanthal switched on Nrf2, a master switch for the body's own antioxidant supply, along with HO-1. Every one of those measurements was made in a dish. The Greek meal study in diabetics found the same direction in people. Oleocanthal-rich oil blunted the rise in lipid-peroxidation markers after eating. It also raised the activity of a red-cell antioxidant enzyme, in the same ten patients as the platelet work (Katsa 2024).
Human evidence over longer periods exists for olive polyphenols as a group, and it is measured in blood markers rather than years of life. A 16-week trial gave adults 15 mg of hydroxytyrosol a day and found improvements in several oxidative-stress and inflammation markers. An 18-month trial of a polyphenol-rich diet measured changes in the DNA methylation markers used to estimate biological age. No study has shown that olive oil or oleocanthal extends human life or reverses aging. The longest-lived Mediterranean communities, in places like Sardinia, Ikaria and Crete, do share a diet built on olive oil. They also share close social ties, daily movement and low stress, and no study has managed to separate those threads. The large cohorts that link olive oil with lower death rates are laid out in olive oil and longevity.
Benefit 8: Blood Sugar
Tested in: people, including one 12-week placebo-controlled trial of a concentrated oleocanthal and oleacein extract.
Diabetes affects an estimated 40.1 million Americans, so this is the question we get asked most often after the heart. The newest oleocanthal trial was built around exactly this question.
The OleoMetS study was published at the end of 2025. It randomized 102 adults with metabolic syndrome to twelve weeks of either a placebo or a 10 mg daily olive oil extract. The extract was 80 percent oleocanthal and oleacein, with the rest their parent aglycones, and nobody was told to change diet or exercise. Fasting glucose and HbA1c were the primary endpoints, and both moved. Fasting glucose fell by about 7 mg/dL and HbA1c by 0.29 percentage points against placebo. BMI, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, oxidized LDL, uric acid and liver enzymes were also lower, with no serious adverse events (Samoutis 2026). All 102 people completed the trial. It is one study, it is very new, and the authors themselves call for longer trials at higher doses before anyone leans on it.
The APRIL crossover above also recorded lower fasting glucose and weight after a month on the rich oil, in 91 people with prediabetes. The common oil moved neither. Older human work on olive oil in general points the same way at the level of a single meal. In a crossover of 25 healthy adults, adding 10 g of extra virgin olive oil to a meal raised GLP-1. It also lowered the blood sugar rise afterward. The effect repeats with each meal rather than building up, and our breakdown has the detail. A trial of bread enriched with hydroxytyrosol improved HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Benefit 9: Stroke Risk in Older Adults
Tested in: people, observed rather than tested, and the subject was olive oil rather than oleocanthal.
The Three-City Study followed 7,625 older French adults with no history of stroke for a median of just over five years. During that time, 148 strokes occurred. After adjusting for other risk factors, heavy olive oil users had a 41 percent lower risk of stroke than people who never used it. The confidence interval ran from 6 to 63 percent, which is wide (Samieri 2011). The study observed people rather than testing them, so participants chose their own diets. Heavy olive oil users may differ in ways the adjustments could not catch. The blood marker behind the finding was oleic acid, the main fat in olive oil, rather than any polyphenol. Nothing in the study points at oleocanthal.
A larger review of 101,460 people also linked olive oil intake to lower stroke risk, with the same limits. The platelet studies under Benefit 4 are the closest oleocanthal-specific evidence. They measured blood samples over four hours rather than strokes over years.
How Much Oleocanthal Do You Need?
No study has set a daily dose of oleocanthal for people, and the human trials used very different amounts. The OleoMetS extract delivered about 8 mg of oleocanthal and oleacein a day. The Greek meal studies used 40 mL of oil at 250 to 500 mg/kg. The leukemia pilot used 40 mL a day of an oil at 416 mg/kg. The only fixed number belongs to the European health claim, which is written on hydroxytyrosol. An oil qualifies at 250 mg/kg of total polyphenols, or 5 mg of hydroxytyrosol and derivatives per 20 g serving. If you take your oil as a daily spoonful, olive oil shots covers what that habit does.
| Olive oil type | Total polyphenols | To reach 5 mg | What you taste |
|---|---|---|---|
| Refined or light oil | Close to zero | Not possible | Nothing, by design |
| Supermarket EVOO, a year old | 50 to 100 mg/kg | Cannot reach it | Soft, faded, no bite |
| Fresh supermarket EVOO | 100 to 250 mg/kg | Several tablespoons | Mild, a little grassy |
| Olivea High Phenolic | 587 mg/kg by NMR | About a tablespoon | Round, mildly peppery |
| Olivea Ultra High Phenolic | 1,046 mg/kg by NMR | Under a tablespoon | Bold, clearly peppery |
Our hydroxytyrosol dosage guide does this math for any oil. The high phenolic guide explains why NMR and HPLC give different totals for the same bottle.
How to Get More Oleocanthal Daily
Buy on the harvest date rather than the best-before. Oleocanthal is one of the first compounds to fade, and an oil pressed two seasons ago has lost much of what it started with. Our guide to storing olive oil has the numbers on how quickly that happens once a bottle is open.
Look for a lab number with a test date beside it. An oil that publishes oleocanthal, or oleocanthal and oleacein together, is telling you something you can check. An oil with no figures is asking you to guess. Our roundup of polyphenol-rich olive oils tracks which producers publish and which only claim.
Taste it. A high-oleocanthal oil catches at the back of the throat a beat after you swallow, and a flat, buttery oil has little of it. Our article on the peppery bite covers what that sensation can and cannot tell you.
Olivea Ultra High Phenolic is Olympia-variety fruit from Messinia, picked in mid-October and tested every harvest. This harvest reads 1,046 mg/kg by NMR and 874 mg/kg by HPLC, with 20.92 mg of hydroxytyrosol and derivatives per 20 g. We publish both methods on our lab results page.
Who Tends to Care About This Compound
Switching to a richer oil is a small change with a good safety record, so the real question is whether the topic interests you. People who cook with olive oil every day get the most from switching. The oil is already in the routine, and only the quality changes. People eating a Mediterranean diet for heart reasons have the strongest human evidence behind them. That evidence sits in the diet and polyphenol trials above rather than in oleocanthal research. People who follow the science closely tend to find oleocanthal interesting for what it might turn out to be. The new human trials give that interest something to stand on.
If you have a diagnosed condition or take medication, talk to your doctor before changing anything. That includes people on blood thinners, given the platelet results above, and people on anti-inflammatory drugs.
Oleocanthal Compared With the Other Olive Polyphenols
| Compound | What it does | Strongest evidence | What you taste |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oleocanthal | Blocks COX enzymes, calms platelets | Cells, mice, small human trials | The throat sting |
| Hydroxytyrosol | Guards blood fats | Human trials, plus the EU claim | Nothing you notice |
| Oleacein | Oleocanthal's twin | Cells, and the trials that used both | Bitter, on the tongue |
| Oleuropein | Turns into hydroxytyrosol | Cells and animals | Green, raw-olive bite |
A good extra virgin oil carries all of them together. Nearly every human trial above tested oleocanthal and oleacein as a pair. The two form side by side in the fruit and are hard to separate.
Oleocanthal or Hydroxytyrosol: Which Should You Focus On?
These two get talked about together, and they are not interchangeable. Oleocanthal has the louder research and the thinner evidence. It is big, fragile and changeable, it fades with time and heat, and its human trials are few, small and recent. Hydroxytyrosol has the quieter research and the firmer evidence. The European claim is written on it, and it holds up far better in storage and digestion. It is the compound measured in the largest human trials. Our hydroxytyrosol guide covers it in full.
For most people the answer is that you do not have to choose. Any oil with enough hydroxytyrosol to matter carries real oleocanthal alongside it, because both come from the same fresh, early-picked fruit. Where the two do part ways is the capsule, which is a hydroxytyrosol product. Anyone whose interest is specifically oleocanthal wants the oil.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can oleocanthal prevent Alzheimer's disease?
Nobody knows, and the oleocanthal-specific evidence is all in mice. Seven mouse studies found less amyloid plaque after oleocanthal, which is why researchers are interested. Two human trials in people with mild cognitive impairment found better cognitive scores on high-phenolic olive oil over six to twelve months. Both tested the whole oil rather than the compound. No study has tested whether anything prevents Alzheimer's in someone who does not have it.
Is oleocanthal the same as taking ibuprofen?
It blocks the same two enzymes in lab tests. One crossover study fed ten adults with diabetes a meal made with oil at 500 mg/kg oleocanthal. It reduced platelet reactivity about as much as the same meal with 400 mg of ibuprofen did. The result is a single-meal blood measurement, and no trial has tested oleocanthal for pain. Olive oil is food and ibuprofen is medicine. The oleocanthal in a daily serving of even a strong oil works out to roughly a tenth of a standard dose.
How much oleocanthal is in olive oil?
Anywhere from none to about 355 mg/kg, based on a survey of 175 commercial oils. Refined oils have essentially none, and early-harvest oils from the right varieties sit at the top of the range. Most bottles do not publish the figure, so the only way to know is a lab certificate that lists it.
Does cooking destroy oleocanthal?
Heat reduces it, and how much depends on temperature and time. Gentle cooking keeps more of it than frying. If the polyphenols are why you bought the oil, use it raw or add it at the end, and keep a cheaper oil for high heat. Our guide to olive oil and heat goes into the detail.
How long before I feel something?
Probably nothing you can feel. The human trials measured things you cannot sense, such as fasting glucose, oxidized LDL and platelet reactivity, over a single meal to twelve weeks. Nobody has studied whether people notice a change from oleocanthal, so treat any promised timeline with suspicion.
Can I get oleocanthal from eating olives?
Barely. Most oleocanthal forms during crushing, when an enzyme meets its precursor, and curing table olives strips out much of the phenolic content. Fresh, early-harvest extra virgin olive oil is by far the most concentrated food source.
Is there an EU health claim for oleocanthal?
No. The 2011 European claim names hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives, for protecting blood lipids from oxidative damage, at 5 mg per 20 g of oil. Oleocanthal belongs to the same chemical family, and the claim does not extend to it.
What is the best olive oil for oleocanthal?
An early-harvest oil from a variety that makes plenty of it, tested soon after pressing and sold in dark glass or tin. The certificate should list the compound. Harvest date, variety and freshness decide the number. Our guide to the peppery bite walks through how to judge a bottle. Our early harvest roundup ranks the oils that publish their figures.
Where Olivea Fits
We build around hydroxytyrosol, because that is where the largest human trials and the regulatory claim sit. Oleocanthal comes along with it in every bottle, from the same early-picked fruit.
Olivea High Phenolic Extra Virgin Olive Oil is the daily bottle. Koroneiki olives, certified organic, 587 mg/kg total polyphenols by NMR. It carries 11.74 mg of hydroxytyrosol and derivatives per 20 g, so one tablespoon clears the EU threshold twice over. Oleocanthal and oleacein together come in at 196 mg/kg.
Olivea Ultra High Phenolic Extra Virgin Olive Oil is the stronger one. Olympia olives from Messinia, USDA Organic, gold at the 2026 Olympia awards. It reads 1,046 mg/kg by NMR and 20.92 mg of hydroxytyrosol and derivatives per 20 g. It is the peppery bottle, and the oleocanthal is what you are tasting.
The Olivea hydroxytyrosol supplement is for potency and travel. Each capsule is lab-verified at 23.5 mg of hydroxytyrosol, about three times what a tablespoon of our High Phenolic oil delivers. The dose stays sealed rather than meeting the air each day. It is a hydroxytyrosol product, so anyone chasing oleocanthal wants the oil.
Disclaimer
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.
